Social change and regional economic imbalances and focus over recent decades in some parts as much as possible, and the privacy of others have followed. In this regard, the need for planning Regional area we aim to provide a model for a balanced distribution of the Service or the Hydrography spatial balance in the region. The goal of this research is to identify and rank areas of the country in terms of development and realize ultimate degree of development and reducing inequalities in regional results, the main objectives of regional and national planning development. In this study, we compared the development of indicators has been the country's Provinces. Applied research is descriptive and analytical study of quantitative models such as factor analysis; multivariate regression and VIKOR technique using 22 indicators are used. The results of this analysis indicate indices were reduced to five “medical services – education” “future,” “cultural services – welfare”, “economic” and “rural services”. And multiple regression analysis, the factors that come forward, 99 percent of the variation in the degree of development of the standard are explained. And between Provinces in terms of development initiatives in the fields of social, cultural, economic and health there are significant differences, so that in Tehran and Qom as the most developed countries are the most disadvantaged Provinces.

Improving participation in voluntary activities in Iran is important because increasing productivity among young people, given the country's young population, contributes to community sustainability. Therefore, a better understanding of volunteer motivation in Iranian youth is needed. The Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI) for assessing volunteer motivations has good psychometric properties and is adapted to several languages, but no validated Iranian translation yet exists. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric Characteristics of voluntary functions inventory in members of Iranian Red Crescent Society. Sample size was 595 members of Youth Organization of Iranian Red Crescent Society from 31 Provinces and 175 cities of Iran that were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and responded to voluntary functions inventory. Data were collected using a demographic sample and voluntary functions inventory (VFI). Confirmatory factor analysis using principal components method was used for data analysis. The results of the present study showed that the voluntary functions inventory had validity and reliability. Also, the factor structure showed that 29 items and 6 factors well assess people's attitudes to volunteering, and the structure of this inventory was well-fitted and confirmed all goodness of fit models. The present study provides the use of the Iranian translation of the Voluntary Functions Inventory (6 scales and 29 items) to assess volunteer motivation among young Iranian volunteers.

Tax revenues are considered one of the best and most reliable sources of income for governments, and are one of the most fundamental tools for the economic development of any country. The stability and continuity of tax collection leads to stability in the government's planning to provide the services needed by the country in various fields. Hence, in order to plan as well as possible to increase tax revenues, it is necessary to know about the tax efforts of the Provinces of the country. Tax effort indicates the extent or limits in which the government has been able to discover existing tax bases and utilize its tax capacity. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to calculate the tax effort of Iran's Provinces. In this regard, first the tax ratio model of Iran's Provinces has been estimated using spatial econometric methods. After estimating the model, the tax capacity of the country's Provinces was calculated and used to compute the tax effort of each province. The results of this study show that during the study period, the tax effort index of all Provinces of Iran except Tehran province is less than 0.84, indicating very low tax effort of the country's Provinces. Tehran province's tax effort index was also between 0.85 and 1.24. Therefore, it can be said that all Provinces of the country except Tehran province have low tax performance and there are many unused tax capacities in these Provinces.

In an economy, inequality refers to having two or more clear feature of economic sectors, social, political and cultural areas are debatable. This study uses urban housing indices to investigate the situation of housing inequality in Iranian Provinces and the ranking of the areas during 2006, 2011 and 2016 using these indices. In this study, 8 physical-social and economic indices are used to address the current situation. For weighting the indices, Shannon Entropy method was used. TOPSIS and Pearson correlation coefficient were respectively used for ranking of unequal development in the Provinces and testing the hypotheses. The results of the urban housing development level of the Provinces indicate that the urban housing development has improved during the period of 10 years 2006-2016. However, the important thing is that the level of development variance increased in the different Provinces. This increase means more divergence and inequality in the level of urban housing development in different Provinces. The hypothesis test also shows that urban housing development has declined with increasing urbanization. Research findings can help policymakers and planners to formulate appropriate policies and programs in the field of development and social justice in the housing sector.

Due to the increasing importance of the role of traffic safety in planning issues, various executive programs and study plans are recommended in order to achieve the optimal implementation of road safety measures. Utilizing decision-making principles and employing efficient solution-finding techniques helps provide a more accurate method of dealing with geographical issues. Using an innovation in methodology, the present research has expanded the application of the PROMETHEE method and carried out a graphical analysis of the results in order to assess the status of Iran's Provinces according to road safety indices. The diagnostic tools and broader evaluation employed in the research helps decision makers gain a more comprehensive understanding of the current situation and strive to further optimize road safety. In the present applied research, after collecting quantitative data related to road safety, the indexing was constructed and various weightings were attributed to specific indices using the entropy method. The performance of Iranian Provinces were analyzed and displayed using the PROMETHEE method, GAIA-WEB analytical tools, PROMETHEE Network, GAIA plane and descriptive chart. According to the results, the Qom province has the best road safety indicators in the country. Semnan, Alborz and Tehran Provinces follow in second place. Furthermore, the Sistan and Baluchestan Provinces have the most inadequate relative status in terms of road safety indices among all other Provinces in the country. It is worth mentioning that the higher levels of road safety found in the Qom, Semnan, Alborz and Tehran Provinces rely more on the system / services aspect, and in terms of productivity, i.e. road deaths and violations, they are not doing well.

Introduction: Social capital is a complex and multifaceted structure or concept. Although it has become a pervasive subject in sociological texts,however, few studies have been conducted on its validity and explanatory value in the field of suicide. In the present study, the author tries to critically review the available resources, while presenting the results of researchers’,finding and their critique and to show the relationship between social capital and suicide in the Provinces of Iran. In most studies, researchers have hypothesized that the relationship between social capital and suicide is positive, and in practice, they have found that with increasing and decreasing social capital, the rate of suicide fluctuates. However, there is no consensus on the impact of social capital on suicide in Iran. Some researchers have used suicide as an indicator to measure social capital and define the relationship between suicide and social capital (regardless of the causal relationship) to establish a structural relationship between these two concepts (Bastani et al., 2014,Mohammadian et al., 2016). The structural relationship between suicide and social capital emphasizes that the two concepts are strongly interdependent at the theoretical level, and the researcher does not need to distinguish between the two. Despite such a hypothetical link between the two concepts, some argue that social capital has conflicting effects on suicide. Given the above explanations, the lack of consensus on the type of the relationship between suicide and social capital, and the reverse effect of social capital on suicide, the following research question was posed in this study: What are the effects of social capital on the rate of suicide in Iranian Provinces?...

Background & Objective: Agricultural sector development without sustainability attitude has led to many problems. Sustainability has three dimensions: economic, social and environmental. Over time, increasing agricultural production has led to the overuse of natural resources and therefore, destruction of the environment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to measure agricultural sustainability using a composite index. Materials & Methods: For this purpose, firstly 35 economic, social and environmental indicators were gathered for 30 Iranian Provinces. Then agricultural sustainability was measured using the Morris, the Mc-Granahan, and the principal component analysis methods. Results: The results showed that Khorasan Razavi, Fars, Isfahan, and Khuzestan Provinces have higher agricultural sustainability than other Provinces. Also, in the economic dimension: Khorasan Razavi, East Azerbaijan, and Isfahan Provinces,in the social dimension: Fars, Mazandaran, and West Azerbaijan Provinces,and in the environmental dimension: Gilan, South Khorasan, and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Provinces,are more sustainable. In addition, Qom, Bushehr, and Sistan and Baluchestan Provinces have the lowest economic and social sustainability. As well, Qazvin and Bushehr Provinces have the lowest level of environmental sustainability. Conclusion: Findings showed that unsustainable Provinces are weak in socio-economic indicators,especially in seeds, fertilizer applications, use of modern irrigation systems, and appropriate agricultural methods. Therefore, it is necessary to invest in the infrastructure of these indicators to upgrade agricultural sustainability.

Poverty is one of the major problems of human society and efforts to reduce it has been always the most important objectives of government policy. In order to achieve this goal, inclusive growth has a critical role. However, income inequality also affects the pace which economic growth is translated into poverty reduction. The most important challenge for policymakers in creating pro-poor policies is linking micro and macroeconomic field. Lack of coordination between these both can prevent the impact of the pro-poor policies In this study, it has been tried by using information household budget to create coordination and Cointegration between macro analyses of economic growth, and the microanalyses of economic actor's behavior. So how economic growth reduces poverty is a key question that discussed in this study. In addition, the impact of changes in average income and income distribution on poverty is studied. To determine which economic sector has been had pro-poor growth, pro-poor growth indexes are calculated for the services, industry and agriculture sectors in urban and rural areas of Azerbaijan Gharbi, Isfahan, Tehran, Khorasan Razavi, Khuzestan, Sistan & Baluchestan, Fars, Kermanshah, Mazandaran and Markazi Provinces during the period 2005-2014. Furthermore, using the results, Gini's coefficient has been investigated as an index of inequality. The research results indicate that economic growth is negative in the majority of cases that has increase poverty through income effect. But income distribution has improved and has led to poverty reduction. According to the balance of these two effects on poverty except for Sistan & Baluchistan where poverty has increased in all sectors, Urban service's sector in Tehran, the urban agricultural sector in Isfahan and rural service's sector in other Provinces have had best situation in pro-poor. Compare Gini's coefficient with model results indicates that the Gini coefficient did not report inequality correctly.

Decentralization is an effective effort in the development of countries thus Iranian upstream laws emphasize decentralization at provincial level. In this research, the establishment of local self-governing of the Provinces is considered as a decentralization pattern due to the compliance with the constitution in preserving integrity of the Iranian governance as well as achieving the goals of a 20-year Perspective Document of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Due to the lack of appropriate strategies, the implementation of decentralization policies at the provincial level has faced many problems. So the study aims to develop appropriate strategies for the establishment of a local self-government in the Provinces based on the SWOT analysis model. According to 16 expert interviews which have been conducted through directed (qualitative) analysis, out of a total of 1258 initial codes, 15 pros and 33 cons including five categories such as legal identity, democracy, government duties, decision making authority and public organizations were identified as well as 18 opportunities and 17 threats which include three social, political and economic categories. Strategic position of the self-governing of Provinces was identified as a conservative region through weighing up the pros and cons as well as ranking opportunities and threats through questionnaires. Finally, out of the 64 developed strategies, 10 main strategies were chosen based on scores of internal and external factors.

The econometric analysis of the rational theory of addiction and drugs traces back to the theoretical studies of economists such as Becker, Grossman, and Murphy. The aim of this article is to examine the economic factors influencing the reduction of drug consumption in Iranian Provinces using the logit model during the 2010s. According to the results of the article, the ease of access to drugs, increasing poverty (deprivation), and income inequality have the highest probability of exacerbating drug abuse in the Provinces of the country. Conversely, increasing economic participation and per capita income (a welfare indicator) are most likely to lead to a reduction in drug abuse in the Provinces.